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← Economics notes
Edexcel IAL·Economics·IAL Economics

Markets, Surplus & Costs

13 min read

Consumer and producer surplus, indirect taxes and subsidies, and the costs and revenues of firms.

Consumer and producer surplus

  • Consumer surplus — the difference between what consumers are willing to pay and what they actually pay (area below the demand curve, above price).
  • Producer surplus — the difference between the price received and the minimum producers would accept (area above supply, below price).

Together they measure welfare in a market.

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