Particle theory, changes of state, diffusion, and how to separate mixtures by filtration, distillation and chromatography.
Protons, neutrons and electrons, isotopes, electron shells, and how the periodic table is organised.
How ions form, dot-and-cross diagrams, the giant ionic lattice and the properties of ionic compounds.
Shared electron pairs, dot-and-cross diagrams for molecules, and the properties of simple molecular substances.
Metallic bonding, diamond and graphite, and comparing the four types of structure.
Writing and balancing equations, relative formula mass, moles, reacting masses, yield and concentration.
Electrolysing molten and aqueous compounds, electrode reactions, half equations and industrial uses.
The pH scale, neutralisation, reactions of acids, and preparing soluble and insoluble salts.
The reactivity series, displacement, oxidation and reduction, extracting metals and rusting.
Alkali metals, the halogens and their displacement reactions, the noble gases and periodic trends.
Flame tests, hydroxide tests for cations, tests for anions, and tests for common gases and water.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions, reaction profiles, and calculating energy change from bond energies.
Collision theory, the factors that change rate, catalysts, reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium.
Crude oil and fractional distillation, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids and polymers.