Ionic, covalent (including dative) and metallic bonding, electronegativity, shapes by VSEPR, bond polarity, and intermolecular forces including hydrogen bonding.
Types of bonding
Ionic — electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer (metal + non-metal). Giant lattice; high melting point; conducts when molten/aqueous.
Covalent — a shared pair of electrons between non-metal atoms. A dative (coordinate) bond is a covalent bond where both electrons come from one atom (e.g. , , the third bond in ).
Metallic — a lattice of cations in a "sea" of delocalised electrons; explains conductivity, malleability and high melting points.
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