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Edexcel ·Chemistry·Cambridge AS & A Level Chemistry

Chemical Bonding

17 min read

Ionic, covalent (including dative) and metallic bonding, electronegativity, shapes by VSEPR, bond polarity, and intermolecular forces including hydrogen bonding.

Types of bonding

    Ionic — electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer (metal + non-metal). Giant lattice; high melting point; conducts when molten/aqueous.
    Covalent — a shared pair of electrons between non-metal atoms. A dative (coordinate) bond is a covalent bond where both electrons come from one atom (e.g. NH4+\text{NH}_4^{+}NH4+​, NH3→BF3\text{NH}_3{\to}\text{BF}_3NH3​→BF3​, the third bond in Al2Cl6\text{Al}_2\text{Cl}_6Al2​Cl6​).
    Metallic — a lattice of cations in a "sea" of delocalised electrons; explains conductivity, malleability and high melting points.

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