Standard candles and luminosity, stellar radii via Wien's law and Stefan's law, the Doppler redshift of galaxies, Hubble's law and the age of the Universe.
Luminosity and standard candles
The luminosity of a star is the total power it radiates (W). The radiant flux intensity received at distance obeys an inverse-square law:
A standard candle is an astronomical object of known luminosity (e.g. a Type Ia supernova). By measuring its flux and using the equation above, its distance can be found.
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