Assets, liabilities and capital, the accounting equation, and the rules of double-entry bookkeeping.
The accounting equation
Assets — what the business owns (non-current e.g. machinery; current e.g. cash, inventory, receivables).
Liabilities — what it owes (e.g. loans, payables).
Capital — the owner's investment (the business owes this to the owner).
Every transaction keeps the equation in balance.
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