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← Human Biology notes
Edexcel IGCSE·Human Biology·IGCSE Human Biology

Drugs & Their Effects

10 min read

Medicinal and recreational drugs, the effects of alcohol and smoking, and the dangers of misuse.

What is a drug?

A drug is a substance that alters the way the body works. Drugs may be medicinal (e.g. antibiotics, painkillers) or recreational (e.g. alcohol, nicotine), and some are addictive.

DrugTypeMain effect
Alcoholdepressantslows reactions, impairs judgement; damages the liver
Nicotinestimulantaddictive; raises heart rate and blood pressure
Caffeinestimulantincreases alertness
Heroindepressantstrongly addictive; slows the nervous system

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