Cell structure and organelles, levels of organisation, specialised cells, and stem cells.
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport, and their roles in the body.
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids with food tests, and enzymes and the factors affecting them.
A balanced diet, the digestive system, digestive enzymes, and absorption at the villi.
The liver's roles in metabolism: bile, deamination, detoxification, glycogen storage and warming the blood.
The breathing system, ventilation mechanics, gas exchange at the alveolus, and the effects of smoking.
The heart and double circulation, blood vessels, blood components and blood groups.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, energy release, and the effect of exercise.
Excretory organs, the nephron, ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption, and dialysis.
Negative feedback, the skin's role in temperature regulation, and the control of blood glucose.
Neurones and the reflex arc, synapses, and the structure and function of the eye.
The endocrine system, key hormones, hormonal feedback, and a comparison with nervous control.
Medicinal and recreational drugs, the effects of alcohol and smoking, and the dangers of misuse.
The reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle, fertilisation, pregnancy and the placenta.
DNA structure, genes and chromosomes, monohybrid crosses, sex determination, and inherited conditions.
Genetic and environmental variation, mutation, natural selection and evolution, selective breeding and genetic engineering.
Pathogens and disease, the immune response, vaccination, and antibiotics and resistance.