Genetic and environmental variation, mutation, natural selection and evolution, selective breeding and genetic engineering.
Variation
Differences between individuals are variation:
Genetic variation — from different alleles (e.g. blood group); inherited.
Environmental variation — caused by surroundings (e.g. scars, language); not inherited.
Most features (e.g. height) result from both (continuous variation).
Continuous variation (height, mass) gives a range; discontinuous variation (blood group, tongue rolling) gives distinct categories.
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