Dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier, Kc and Kp, Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, Ka, Kw and pH, strong/weak species, buffers and indicators.
Dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier
A reversible reaction reaches dynamic equilibrium when forward and backward rates are equal and concentrations are constant (in a closed system). Le Chatelier's principle: a system at equilibrium opposes any change imposed on it.
Increase concentration of a reactant → shifts to the right.
Increase pressure → shifts towards the fewer gas moles.
Increase temperature → shifts in the endothermic direction.
A catalyst changes neither position nor — only the rate.
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