Amines as bases and their preparation, amino acids and zwitterions, amides, and addition vs condensation polymers (polyesters, polyamides) and their hydrolysis.
Amines
Amines () are organic bases: the N lone pair accepts a proton. Aliphatic amines (e.g. ethylamine) are stronger bases than ammonia (alkyl groups push electron density onto N, making the lone pair more available); aromatic amines (phenylamine) are weaker (the lone pair is delocalised into the ring).
Preparation: a halogenoalkane + excess ethanolic ammonia (heat, sealed) → amine; or reduction of a nitrile (e.g. with /Ni or ). Phenylamine is made by reducing nitrobenzene (Sn/conc. HCl).
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