Organisational structure, spans of control, and effective communication.
Organisational structure
An organisation chart shows roles and reporting lines. Key terms:
- Hierarchy — levels of management.
- Span of control — people a manager directly oversees.
- Chain of command — the line of authority top to bottom.
- Delegation — passing tasks/authority down.
Tall structures have many layers (close control, slow communication); flat structures have few layers (faster communication, more delegation).
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