Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, and how structure explains physical properties.
Atoms bond to gain a full outer shell. The type of bonding sets a substance's properties.
Ionic bonding
A metal transfers electrons to a non-metal, forming oppositely charged ions held in a giant lattice. Ionic compounds have high melting points and conduct when molten or dissolved (the ions can move) but not when solid.
Worked example. Sodium () loses one electron to form Na⁺; chlorine () gains it to form Cl⁻ → NaCl.
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