The mammalian gas-exchange system, the role of surfactant, and the effects of tobacco smoke.
The gas-exchange system
Air passes: trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli. The trachea and bronchi have cartilage (support, keeps airways open), smooth muscle (controls diameter), elastic fibres (recoil), goblet cells and a ciliated epithelium (mucus traps particles; cilia sweep it up).
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