Eukaryotic and prokaryotic ultrastructure, organelle functions, microscopy, magnification and resolution, and the units of cell measurement.
Water, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; condensation and hydrolysis; protein structure levels; and biochemical tests.
Enzymes as catalysts, induced fit, factors affecting rate, inhibition, and immobilised enzymes.
The fluid mosaic model, membrane components, and diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
The cell cycle, chromosome behaviour in mitosis, the role of telomeres and stem cells, and cancer.
DNA and RNA structure, semi-conservative replication, the genetic code, transcription and translation, and mutation.
Vascular tissue, the apoplast and symplast pathways, the transpiration stream, translocation and xerophytes.
The circulatory system, blood vessels, the cardiac cycle, oxygen transport and the Bohr effect.
The mammalian gas-exchange system, the role of surfactant, and the effects of tobacco smoke.
Pathogens and named diseases, transmission, antibiotics and the problem of resistance.
Phagocytosis, B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, immune memory, vaccination and monoclonal antibodies.
ATP, glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic respiration and respiratory substrates.
The light-dependent and light-independent stages, chloroplast structure, limiting factors and chromatography.
Negative feedback, the kidney and osmoregulation, blood-glucose control, and control of stomata.
Neurones and the nerve impulse, synapses, comparison of nervous and hormonal control, and muscle contraction.
Meiosis and variation, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, gene control, natural selection, the Hardy–Weinberg principle and speciation.
Classification and the three domains, biodiversity and sampling, conservation, and the tools of genetic technology.