Vascular tissue, the apoplast and symplast pathways, the transpiration stream, translocation and xerophytes.
Vascular tissue
Xylem transports water and mineral ions upward. Xylem vessels are dead, hollow, lignified tubes with no end walls — providing a low-resistance pathway and mechanical support.
Phloem transports assimilates (sucrose, amino acids) by translocation. Sieve tube elements (living, with sieve plates) lack a nucleus and rely on adjacent companion cells, which load sugars actively.
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