Circuit vs packet switching, the role of protocols, the SSL/TLS handshake and HTTPS, transmission media and modes, error detection (parity, checksum, echo), and bit streaming.
Data transmission
Serial transmission sends bits one after another on one wire (reliable over distance, e.g. USB); parallel sends several bits at once on multiple wires (fast over short distances, but skew limits range).
Simplex (one direction only), half-duplex (both directions, one at a time) and full-duplex (both directions simultaneously).
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