Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, electronegativity, molecular shapes, and intermolecular forces.
The type of bonding determines a substance's structure and so its physical properties.
The three types of bonding
- Ionic: transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal, forming oppositely charged ions in a giant lattice (high melting point, conducts when molten/aqueous).
- Covalent: a shared pair of electrons between non-metals. A dative (coordinate) bond is where both electrons come from one atom.
- Metallic: a lattice of positive ions in a "sea" of delocalised electrons (good conductor, malleable).
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