Subatomic particles, isotopes, mass spectrometry, electron configuration (sub-shells), and ionisation energy trends.
The mole, Avogadro's constant, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulae, equations, concentrations, gas volumes, % yield and atom economy.
Ionic, covalent (including dative) and metallic bonding, and the four structure types with their properties.
Electron-pair repulsion theory and molecular shapes, electronegativity and polarity, and the three intermolecular forces.
Oxidation numbers, half-equations, redox reactions, and the trends and reactions of Group 2 and Group 7.
Enthalpy changes, calorimetry, Hess's law and energy cycles, and mean bond enthalpy calculations.
Collision theory, factors affecting rate, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and how catalysts work.
Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium constant Kc, and industrial compromise conditions.
Nomenclature, formulae, isomerism, and the chemistry of alkanes including combustion and free-radical substitution.
Bonding in alkenes, electrophilic addition reactions and their mechanism, Markovnikov's rule, and addition polymers.
Nucleophilic substitution and elimination of halogenoalkanes, and the reactions of alcohols including oxidation.
Lattice energy and Born–Haber cycles, enthalpies of solution and hydration, entropy and free-energy feasibility.
Orders of reaction, the rate equation and rate constant, finding orders from data, and the rate-determining step.
Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and Kw, strong and weak acids, Ka, buffers and titration curves.
Properties of transition metals, complex ions and colour, ligand substitution, and electrode potentials.
Carbonyls and carboxylic acids and derivatives, arenes and amines, optical isomerism, and spectroscopic analysis (IR, mass spec, NMR).
Core practical techniques — titration, distillation, reflux, enthalpy and rate measurement — plus qualitative analysis tests for ions, errors and uncertainty.