Nucleophilic substitution and elimination of halogenoalkanes, and the reactions of alcohols including oxidation.
Halogenoalkanes
Contain a C–X bond (X = halogen), which is polar (δ+ carbon), so they react with nucleophiles (electron-pair donors).
Nucleophilic substitution with aqueous OH⁻ → alcohol; with CN⁻ → nitrile (extends the chain); with NH₃ → amine.
Elimination with hot ethanolic KOH → alkene (loss of HX).
Rate of hydrolysis depends on the C–X bond enthalpy: C–I is weakest, so iodoalkanes react fastest; fluoroalkanes slowest.
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