Core practical techniques — titration, distillation, reflux, enthalpy and rate measurement — plus qualitative analysis tests for ions, errors and uncertainty.
Units 3 and 6 assess practical skills: planning experiments, using apparatus correctly, recording and processing results, evaluating errors and identifying unknowns. Marks are won by precise technique and correct units.
Titration
Used to find an unknown concentration accurately.
Pipette a fixed volume (e.g. 25.0 cm³) of one solution into a conical flask; add an indicator.
Fill a burette with the other solution; record the start reading.
Add slowly, swirling, until the end point (colour change); record the final reading.
Repeat until concordant titres (within 0.10 cm³) and take a mean.
Read the burette at the bottom of the meniscus, at eye level, to ±0.05 cm³.
Viewing only
This content is free to read on superexams.com and cannot be printed or downloaded.
Read the full note, free
Create a free account to read this note in full. Every free account gets 2 complete revision notes, no card needed.