Carbonyls and carboxylic acids and derivatives, arenes and amines, optical isomerism, and spectroscopic analysis (IR, mass spec, NMR).
Carbonyls and carboxylic acids
- Aldehydes/ketones (C=O): reduced by NaBH₄ to alcohols; aldehydes are oxidised (Tollens' → silver mirror; Fehling's → red precipitate) but ketones are not — a key distinguishing test.
- Carboxylic acids (–COOH): weak acids; react with carbonates (fizzing, CO₂), bases and alcohols (→ esters). Derivatives include esters, acyl chlorides and amides.
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