Hardware and software, the CPU and the fetch–execute cycle, and the memory and storage hierarchy.
Binary, denary and hexadecimal, units of storage, and how text, images and sound are represented.
LANs and WANs, network topologies, protocols, and how the internet delivers data.
Tables, records and fields, primary and foreign keys, relational databases, validation and basic queries.
The systems development life cycle: analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
Algorithms, flowcharts and pseudocode, the three programming constructs, and variables and data types.
Threats such as malware and phishing, protective measures including encryption and backups, and data-protection principles.
The social, ethical, legal and environmental effects of information technology.