Computer system structure, the CPU and the fetch-execute cycle, and input, output and storage.
System and application software, the operating system's roles, and utilities.
Binary, hexadecimal, and how text, images and sound are represented and compressed.
Data versus information, relational databases, normalisation, and queries.
Network types and topologies, hardware, protocols, and network models.
The internet and web, online business models, and the impact of e-commerce.
The systems development life cycle, feasibility, analysis and requirements.
Designing a system, testing strategies, implementation methods, and maintenance.
Variables and data types, control structures, subprograms, and the stages of program development.
How web pages work, HTML/CSS, and client- versus server-side processing.
Cyber threats, protection methods, and securing data and systems.
Data protection principles, copyright and computer misuse, and ethical issues.
Cloud computing, AI and machine learning, the Internet of Things, and big data.
How IT affects work, communication and society, and the digital divide and sustainability.