Spreadsheet models, formulae and functions, database tables, fields, queries and reports, and effective presentations.
Spreadsheets
A spreadsheet stores data in a grid of rows and columns; a cell is identified by its column letter and row number (e.g. B3). Spreadsheets are used for modelling, calculations and "what-if" analysis.
A formula begins with = and performs a calculation, e.g.
=A1+A2, =B2*C2.A function is a built-in calculation: SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT, COUNTIF, IF, VLOOKUP, ROUND.
Relative referencing (e.g. A1) changes when a formula is copied; absolute referencing (e.g.
1) stays fixed when copied — used for a constant such as a tax rate.| Function | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|
| SUM | =SUM(B2:B5) | adds the range |
| AVERAGE | =AVERAGE(B2:B5) | mean of the range |
| IF | =IF(B2>50,"Pass","Fail") | tests a condition |
| COUNTIF | =COUNTIF(B2:B5,">50") | counts cells meeting a condition |
Spreadsheets also produce charts/graphs (bar, line, pie) to present data visually.
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