Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water — their structures, bonds and the chemical tests for each.
Enzymes as biological catalysts, the active site and specificity, and the factors affecting the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, the main organelles, the fluid-mosaic membrane, and transport across membranes.
The structure of DNA and RNA, complementary base pairing, replication, and transcription and translation.
The cell cycle, mitosis for growth and repair, and meiosis for gamete formation and genetic variation.
The mammalian double circulation, the structure of the heart, blood vessels, and the cardiac cycle.
The human gas-exchange system, the alveoli and their adaptations, and the principles of efficient exchange surfaces.
Genes and alleles, genotype and phenotype, monohybrid crosses with Punnett squares, and codominance.