The seven characteristics of living organisms, the classification system, the five kingdoms, vertebrate and arthropod groups, and dichotomous keys.
Animal, plant and bacterial cell structure, the functions of organelles, specialised cells, and the levels of organisation.
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport, the factors affecting them, and osmosis in plant and animal cells.
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats and water, their building blocks, and the food tests.
Enzymes as biological catalysts, the lock-and-key model, and the effects of temperature and pH.
Photosynthesis, the leaf, limiting factors, and mineral requirements.
A balanced diet, the alimentary canal, digestion, the role of enzymes and bile, and absorption.
Xylem and phloem, water uptake, transpiration and translocation.
The circulatory system, the heart, blood vessels and the components of blood.
Pathogens, transmission, the body's defences, antibodies, vaccination and antibiotics.
The human breathing system, gas exchange, and aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The kidneys and excretion, and how the body keeps internal conditions constant including temperature and blood glucose.
The nervous system, reflex arcs, the eye, hormones, and tropisms in plants.
Asexual and sexual reproduction, reproduction in flowering plants and humans, and sexual hormones.
Chromosomes, genes and DNA, mitosis and meiosis, monohybrid genetics and sex determination.
Variation, natural selection and evolution, adaptation, food chains and webs, nutrient cycles and human impact.